Vonneguts Cats Cradle :: Vonnegut Cats Cradle Essays

Vonneguts Cats CradleVonnegut deals a lot with fantasy in his book, Cats Cradle. From the beginning, he talks about the religion that he follows Bokonism. This is not a veridical religion, however he has rules, songs, scriptures, and opinions of a person that practices this fantasy religion. Within his description of this religion however is black humor as well. I think that by him making up this whole religion and an entire island of people who follow it, is in a way mocking todays religion and the way that people be dedicated to their beliefs. This Bokonism is basically telling the religious believer that everything that they read or hear is a lie, and that they need to think for themselves. I think one of the superior parts that shows black humor is on page 77, where Bokonon (like Adam) arrives on land, completely naked, and has a revelation. A fish pitched up By the angry sea, I gasped on land, And I became me. Also I found it very interesting how it was illegal to practice Bo konism, yet everyone on the island, including Papa practices it. Its almost as if Vonnegut is act to tell us how other religions are. . . and if any religion is a true and honest religion. I think that Vonnegut also deals a lot with surrealism. I on the button really thought it was funny how everything in his life sort of just fit together, like it was meant to happen. Like the Bokonon worshipers, they believed that everyone fit in a karass and all followed a similar life plan, rotated in, out, and around each other. For example, I thought that it was so interesting how everyone fit together. hex went on a plan to bump Frank Hoenikker, and who does he sit next to, but the senator, who is reading a book, written by the man who owns the hotel where Jonah stays, was in love with the woman who Jonah is in love with, who is marrying Frank.

Differences in One?s Own and One?s Partner?s Perceptions of Social Skills as a Function of Attachment Style :: essays research papers

Differences in Ones Own and Ones Partners Perceptions of amicable Skills as a Function of Attachment StyleResearchers / Experimenters Laura K. Guerrero and Susanne M. Jones Goal or Purpose of the Study To extend research and theory on the relations mingled with affixation agency and fond skillTo gain a clearer picture of how the intersection of models of self and others associates with different social skills by testing for supplement-style differences across Bartholomews four-category conceptuality of attachment Guide Questions Are there differences in attachment style that relate to how people recognize their own social skills, specifically in turned on(p) expressivity, emotional control, emotional sensitivity, social expressivity, social control, and social sensitivity?Do people recognize their partners social skills (emotional expressivity, emotional control, emotional sensitivity, social expressivity, social control, and social sensitivity) differently as a function of their partners self-reported attachment styles?Theories or Models ATTACHMENT THEORYAttachment theory provides a useful framework for examine differences in social skills. This theory states that people develop different attachment styles as a result of interactions with significant others, beginning with their interactions with a primary conferrer which was utter to be the parents of a certain child (Bowlby, 1969).Attachment styles are modes of social interaction that reflect how people view themselves and others (Bartholomew, 1990). Bartholomews (1990, 1993) conceptualization of attachment style entails crossing two theoretically-derived dimensions a mental mode of self (based on whether a person has an internalized sense of self-worth) and a mental model of others (based on whether a person intoxicates involvement with others to be rewarding). When these dimensions are crossed, four unique attachment styles emerge secure (positive models of both self and others), dismissive (p ositive model of self, ostracize of others), tremendous (negative models of both self and others), and preoccupied (negative model of self, positive model of others).Secure individuals are confident that others will like and accept them. They are too well-heeled with fuddledness and attend relatively few interpersonal problems. Dismissive individuals are confident and self-sufficient, but to the point that they often reject interaction with others, and see relationships as both unrewarding and unnecessary. These individuals usually place a premium on activities related to work or self-fulfillment rather than on close relationships with others. In contrast, fearful individuals would like to have close relationships with others, but they worry that they will be rejected or hurt. These individuals generally have low self-confidence and experience considerable social anxiety when interacting with others.Differences in One?s Own and One?s Partner?s Perceptions of Social Skills as a Function of Attachment Style essays research papers Differences in Ones Own and Ones Partners Perceptions of Social Skills as a Function of Attachment StyleResearchers / Experimenters Laura K. Guerrero and Susanne M. Jones Goal or Purpose of the Study To extend research and theory on the relations between attachment style and social skillTo gain a clearer picture of how the intersection of models of self and others associates with different social skills by testing for attachment-style differences across Bartholomews four-category conceptualization of attachment Guide Questions Are there differences in attachment style that relate to how people recognize their own social skills, specifically in emotional expressivity, emotional control, emotional sensitivity, social expressivity, social control, and social sensitivity?Do people recognize their partners social skills (emotional expressivity, emotional control, emotional sensitivity, social expressivity, social control, and socia l sensitivity) differently as a function of their partners self-reported attachment styles?Theories or Models ATTACHMENT THEORYAttachment theory provides a useful framework for studying differences in social skills. This theory states that people develop different attachment styles as a result of interactions with significant others, beginning with their interactions with a primary giver which was said to be the parents of a certain child (Bowlby, 1969).Attachment styles are modes of social interaction that reflect how people view themselves and others (Bartholomew, 1990). Bartholomews (1990, 1993) conceptualization of attachment style entails crossing two theoretically-derived dimensions a mental mode of self (based on whether a person has an internalized sense of self-worth) and a mental model of others (based on whether a person sees involvement with others to be rewarding). When these dimensions are crossed, four unique attachment styles emerge secure (positive models of both se lf and others), dismissive (positive model of self, negative of others), fearful (negative models of both self and others), and preoccupied (negative model of self, positive model of others).Secure individuals are confident that others will like and accept them. They are also comfortable with closeness and experience relatively few interpersonal problems. Dismissive individuals are confident and self-sufficient, but to the point that they often reject interaction with others, and see relationships as both unrewarding and unnecessary. These individuals usually place a premium on activities related to work or self-fulfillment rather than on close relationships with others. In contrast, fearful individuals would like to have close relationships with others, but they worry that they will be rejected or hurt. These individuals generally have low self-esteem and experience considerable social anxiety when interacting with others.

The Success of Wemmick in Great Expectations Essay examples -- Great E

The Success of Wemmick in Great Expectations Wemmick provides a complicated, yet interest separation of his home brio and work life. His home and work lives are as different in physical appearances as they are in temper differences. Many of his home habits allow him to express his care and decency, which contrasts with his mechanical work which lacks good value. Wemmick dedicates himself to separating the two so that he may keep his virtues intact magic spell he works in the filth of Newgate. Wemmick is alone in his success of separation when compared to differents such as Jaggers and Pip. Such dedication to keeping good value alive gives Wemmick so much integrity that he immediately becomes a favorite character. The castle in Walworth has a drawbridge, a cannon, and a fountain. We see the effects of these defenses first when he raises the drawbridge it was very pleasant to see the pride with which he hoisted it up and made it fast smiling as he did so, with a relish and not m erely mechanically(229). He relishes or gains pleasure in the working of the drawbridge as opposed to his mechanical office mode, he really smiles. With this first insight into Wemmicks other side, a simple integrity is revealed. The cannon, named Stinger, is mounted upon a separate fortress, constructed of lattice-work. It was protected from the weather by an ingenious midget tarpaulin contrivance in the nature of an umbrella(229). The latticework and umbrella cover express Wemmicks imagination in planning the castle. Another of Wemmicks contraptions is his fountain. A molar and a cork run it. The water splashes out enough that it lands on any viewer of the fountain, which the Aged greatly enjoys. He lists his skills and says and ... ...s the victor in the action of lifestyles, because his is definitely much more agreeable. In regards to Pip, he cannot separate his home life from his expectations. He is uncaring towards his family and doesnt associate with them. He lives only i n expectations as Jaggers does work. Only Wemmick succeeds in separating the two. Those of us who are suffering from a work-centered life should look to Wemmick for inspiration. We can learn from him how to allow ourselves to be able to enjoy life at home, without sacrificing out integrity at the workplace. Wemmick attains a freedom to live life to the fullest and he does it with incredible integrity. He is alone in his success, all the other characters have failed miserably, and have been left unfulfilled. Works CitedDickens, Charles. Great Expectations. Ed. Janice Carlisle.Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1996.

Fall of Man Depicted in Atwoods Backdrop Addresses Cowboy Essay

Fall of Man Depicted in A cardinalods  Backdrop Addresses Cowboy   The internal politics of the man-woman relationship, or more specifically the sexual exploitation of women by men, is a clear concern in Margaret Atwoods Backdrop Addresses Cowboy. Although the oppressor-as-male theme is by no means an original source of poetic inspiration, Atwoods line is that she views the destructive man-woman relationship as a metaphor for, symptom and symbol of, bigger things. From the vantage-point of feminine consciousness, Margaret Atwood empahsizes the backdrop as being not only the woman, yet in addition the land and the spiritual life of the universe the cowboy is both a man bent on personal gain (possibly an American ground on Atwoods strong anti-American sentiments in her novel, Surfacing) and an emissary of technological progress. The structure of the poem logically supports the theme of conflict and imperialism in that it is clearly divided into two sections or camps . The first four stanzas offer a description of you, the righteous and heroic cowboy who brutalizes life without creating new life. The perspective shifts then from predator to forego in the final five stanzas as I, presented as victimized woman and exploited nature, addresses her antagonist. The tone or mood of Backdrop Addresses Cowboy also undergoes a change after the first four stanzas when the reader enters the tragic, joyless experience of one who is paying the price of slaughter and desecration. At this point in the poem, it seems futile to consider whether or not the price should be paid and the metaphoric man-woman tension remains distrubingly unresolved. In terms of form, Backdrop Addresses Cowboy is pen in open (org... ...esecrate, the emphatically placed word of the climactic line in Backdrop Addresses Cowboy, emphasizes again the backdrop as being not only the woman, but also the land and the spiritual life of the universe. As an emissary of technological progress, m an has committed a sacreligious act against nature and valet de chambre and his fall embodies the fall of the spiritual, the historical and the rational. In Margaret Atwoods poem, then, the troubled man-woman relationship is symptom and symbol of a greater alienation within humanity. Mans past and present curelties to human, inwrought and spiritual life are expressesed metaphoricall in terms of a cowboy winning the West on a movie set, against a backdrop reenforcement his heroism. Backdrop Addresses Cowboy offers a vision that is both desolate and conscious-expanding but it does not present answers.    

Benjamin Franklin :: essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin took pride in almost every aspect of his life. There atomic number 18 many instances in which one could call him a profitless man. Franklin writes to Ezra Stiles and speaks of his portrait being hung at Yale. Franklin complains that the portraits he has of himself do his stunning features no justice, and are surely non worthy to be hung at Yale. He suggests that a new portrait be painted. Franklin clearly has issues as to how he will be remembered, and withal how obsessed the man is with his looks. He writes, I do non think any one of the portraits you mention, as in my possession, worthy of the place and company you counsel to place it in. You have an excellent artist lately arrived. If he will undertake to make one for you, I shall cheerfully pay the expense. This vacancy of Franklins is presented in his Apology for Printers as well. He argues that crossers print barmy things non worth reading not because they want to, but because people are illiterat e and like to read mindless garbage. Franklin, in his mind, has set himself on a higher pedestal than the everyday man. He has a better education because he is a better person. He writes, They sometimes print vicious or silly things not worth reading, it may not be because they pass such things themselves, but because the people are so brutally and corruptly educated that good things are not encouraged. Franklin also presents a vain positioning toward religion. He goes as far in his letter to Ezra Stiles as to indicate Jesus Christ as merely a good philosopher, and he himself does not care to take the time that religion requires. He believes that he will find the truth for himself. The man put himself above others intelligence and beliefs and disregarded them as distractions and wastes of time for him. He says, I have, with most of the present Dissenters in England, some doubts as to his divinity tho it is a question I do not dogmatize upon, having never studied it, and think it needless to finicky myself with it now, when I expect soon an opportunity of knowing the truth with less trouble. Franklin clearly displays his vanity throughout his writings.Benjamin Franklin often used his own corrosive sense of humor to win over his audience. An example is Franklins Apology for Printers, in which he defends himself after accepting and printing a routine resolve of the sailing of a ship with a captain thought to be anticlerical.Benjamin Franklin essays seek papers Benjamin Franklin took pride in almost every aspect of his life. There are many instances in which one could call him a vain man. Franklin writes to Ezra Stiles and speaks of his portrait being hung at Yale. Franklin complains that the portraits he has of himself do his stunning features no justice, and are certainly not worthy to be hung at Yale. He suggests that a new portrait be painted. Franklin clearly has issues as to how he will be remembered, and also how obsessed the man is with his look s. He writes, I do not think any one of the portraits you mention, as in my possession, worthy of the place and company you propose to place it in. You have an excellent artist lately arrived. If he will undertake to make one for you, I shall cheerfully pay the expense. This vanity of Franklins is presented in his Apology for Printers as well. He argues that printers print silly things not worth reading not because they want to, but because people are uneducated and like to read mindless garbage. Franklin, in his mind, has set himself on a higher pedestal than the everyday man. He has a better education therefore he is a better person. He writes, They sometimes print vicious or silly things not worth reading, it may not be because they approve such things themselves, but because the people are so viciously and corruptly educated that good things are not encouraged. Franklin also presents a vain attitude toward religion. He goes as far in his letter to Ezra Stiles as to indicate Jesu s Christ as merely a good philosopher, and he himself does not care to take the time that religion requires. He believes that he will find the truth for himself. The man put himself above others intelligence and beliefs and disregarded them as distractions and wastes of time for him. He says, I have, with most of the present Dissenters in England, some doubts as to his divinity tho it is a question I do not dogmatize upon, having never studied it, and think it needless to busy myself with it now, when I expect soon an opportunity of knowing the truth with less trouble. Franklin clearly displays his vanity throughout his writings.Benjamin Franklin often used his own sarcastic sense of humor to win over his audience. An example is Franklins Apology for Printers, in which he defends himself after accepting and printing a routine announcement of the sailing of a ship with a captain thought to be anticlerical.

Benjamin Franklin :: essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin took pride in just about every aspect of his life. There are many instances in which one could call him a vain man. Franklin writes to Ezra Stiles and speaks of his portrait being hung at Yale. Franklin complains that the portraits he has of himself do his stunning features no justice, and are certainly not costy to be hung at Yale. He suggests that a new portrait be painted. Franklin clearly has issues as to how he will be remembered, and also how obsessed the man is with his looks. He writes, I do not think any one of the portraits you mention, as in my possession, worthy of the place and company you propose to place it in. You have an excellent artist lately arrived. If he will undertake to make one for you, I shall cheerfully pay the expense. This vanity of Franklins is fork outed in his Apology for Printers as well. He argues that yarn-dyeers print silly things not worth reading not because they destiny to, but because people are uneducated and like to re ad mindless garbage. Franklin, in his mind, has find out himself on a higher pedestal than the everyday man. He has a better education therefore he is a better person. He writes, They sometimes print vicious or silly things not worth reading, it may not be because they approve such things themselves, but because the people are so viciously and corruptly educated that good things are not encouraged. Franklin also presents a vain attitude toward religion. He goes as far in his letter to Ezra Stiles as to indicate Jesus Christ as tho a good philosopher, and he himself does not care to take the time that religion requires. He believes that he will find the truth for himself. The man specify himself above others intelligence and beliefs and disregarded them as distractions and wastes of time for him. He says, I have, with most of the present Dissenters in England, some doubts as to his divinity tho it is a question I do not dogmatize upon, having never studied it, and think it unnece ssary to busy myself with it now, when I expect soon an opportunity of crafty the truth with less trouble. Franklin clearly displays his vanity throughout his writings.Benjamin Franklin often used his give birth sarcastic sense of humor to win over his audience. An causa is Franklins Apology for Printers, in which he defends himself after accepting and printing a flake announcement of the sailing of a ship with a maestro thought to be anticlerical.Benjamin Franklin essays research papers Benjamin Franklin took pride in almost every aspect of his life. There are many instances in which one could call him a vain man. Franklin writes to Ezra Stiles and speaks of his portrait being hung at Yale. Franklin complains that the portraits he has of himself do his stunning features no justice, and are certainly not worthy to be hung at Yale. He suggests that a new portrait be painted. Franklin clearly has issues as to how he will be remembered, and also how obsessed the man is with his looks. He writes, I do not think any one of the portraits you mention, as in my possession, worthy of the place and company you propose to place it in. You have an excellent artist lately arrived. If he will undertake to make one for you, I shall cheerfully pay the expense. This vanity of Franklins is presented in his Apology for Printers as well. He argues that printers print silly things not worth reading not because they want to, but because people are uneducated and like to read mindless garbage. Franklin, in his mind, has set himself on a higher pedestal than the everyday man. He has a better education therefore he is a better person. He writes, They sometimes print vicious or silly things not worth reading, it may not be because they approve such things themselves, but because the people are so viciously and corruptly educated that good things are not encouraged. Franklin also presents a vain attitude toward religion. He goes as far in his letter to Ezra Stiles as to indicate Jesus Christ as merely a good philosopher, and he himself does not care to take the time that religion requires. He believes that he will find the truth for himself. The man put himself above others intelligence and beliefs and disregarded them as distractions and wastes of time for him. He says, I have, with most of the present Dissenters in England, some doubts as to his divinity tho it is a question I do not dogmatize upon, having never studied it, and think it needless to busy myself with it now, when I expect soon an opportunity of knowing the truth with less trouble. Franklin clearly displays his vanity throughout his writings.Benjamin Franklin often used his own sarcastic sense of humor to win over his audience. An example is Franklins Apology for Printers, in which he defends himself after accepting and printing a routine announcement of the sailing of a ship with a captain thought to be anticlerical.

Wildlife Resources: A Global Account of Economic Use Essay

Earth Wildlife ExtinctionIntroduction Conservation of wildlife (wild living resources), is cardinal for the development of any nation. The extinguishing of the wildlife has therefore become the agenda in American and other(a) Nations in dealing with preservation of wildlife. For instance, all still a small handful of countries occupy national parks. However, the about challenges facing nations today is wildlife deadion. It is no longer about the government and other agencies deciding whether preservation is a good idea, but rather implementing those ideas for the benefit of people lo skirty, regionally and internationally. The following part is an interview with Jean-Christophe, one of Deputy Director of Global wildlife protection political program me (IUCNs), and who oversees many of diverse regional and global biodiversity.InterviewMeHow do you see this big issue of extinction of wildlife? Are they menace or critically endanger? Is the issue getting worse? Moreover, is it nether control or out of control?Jean-Christophe Despite alarming occurrence of wildlife extinction globally every year, it appears that the situation is almost not under control. Following report from all groups we have monitored, there is continued decline of species fast towards extinction. What is making me more worried is that the extinction is moving rapidly into list of most endangered species.CKI heard about your reddened list rankings of the threatened Species category but did not take in how it works. Tell me how it worksJean-Christophe Okay. Any of threatened species, are put under three categories Vulnerable, Endangered and inhabitly Critically Endangered species. For instance, those found in a threatened category, it means that it went not just slow decline but through quite a serious decline. However, it less serious considered to Endangered or Critically Endangered species. On the Red List, species listed as endangered species are just like the ice berg but are o f most conservation concern.CKCan, and should all species be scavenged from extinction? If not, which ones must be saved?Jean-ChristopheThis is the discussion, many people would like to have in the conservation community it is what we call triage. People think that some species are useful to people and should be saved while others not. However, it is not so important trying to have consensus on that question than finding a proper solution to save species.Background information Since the beginning of the man, there has been Endangered Wildlife .Four thousand of years, the wild plants, the animate beings and the ocean creatures have made every inch of earth as their home. With man being exceedingly populated, has dropped the number of wildlife drastically. In the same focus, many of species have become. It is notable that animals, weewee living creatures, and wild plants are becoming rarer in these times. For the last centuries, the extinction was at a slower rate but today, the extinction has quickly risen. winning United States as an example, in the last 200 years, it has lost many birds as compared to other areas of its comparable size (McGavin, p.23).Causes of wildlife extinction According to Evers (p.4), to the question to wildlife extinction, piece beings are held responsible. Through human activities, many of the species have become extinct. The first activity, which is the major reason for extinction, is the interference of natural habitats through deforestation, creation of wet the three estatess and draining of water marshes. In addition, it is evident that cities and towns are converting most grassland. The second major cause of extinction is commercial hunting and poaching. A poacher can be specify as the person who hunts and kills important species for profit. Often times, poachers hunt neither for legalized games nor for food. Taking example from the current scope, Currently, Lake Malawi (Central Africa) holds over 500 cichlid fish species with 99 % of them endemic. canvass with other regions, the lake is only one-seventh the size of great lakes in North Americas with just 173 species, less than 11% of which are endemic. In the last 20 years, Western Ecuador is said to have contained some 9,000 to 10,000 plant species, some 60 per cent of them endemic. In addition, given between 15 and 30 animal species, which present for each plant species in similar areas, it is evident that perhaps western Ecuador contained about 200,000 species around 1970.Since then, the western Ecuador forests have been destroyed to pave way for oil advantageouslys, banana plantations, and human settlements. Although is difficult to judge, the number of species in this region whitethorn have dropped with about 55,000 within the duration. Taking Pantanal in Brazil unless another example, which contains about 120,000 square kilometers of wetlands and classified as international importance by UNESCO, it greatly suffers increased earth extinctio n. This is from dam construction, agricultural expansion and other forms of disruptive development (Kotpal, 46).Major agencies All the endangered species are found under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The act, deals with responsibility of protection of the wildlife worldwide. One of well-known delegacy is Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The major function of the agency is primarily management of species found on land .Another well known agency is the National nautical Fisheries Service (NMFS). The agency protects and manages all the marine species in our seas and oceans. However, there is confusion existing between the two agencies when it comes to protecting species that are found in land and sea. These agencies are also found in each of the Nation worldwide. For instance, In United States, there is National Sea Turtle Coordination(NSTC) which deals with protection of seven sea turtle species listed as threatened species under the ESA( Kaufman,22).Action plans to save wildl ife Currently, much is being done according to the conditions in each of the country to help save the endangered species. Considering the Zoos, found in almost all Nations, they help to governments as well as other agencies in protection and preservation of animals and environments. In addition, well remarkable action plan is reduction of deadly diseases and viruses in the wild animals .An example is the SD Zoo, which deals with Virology and Immunology deals with protection of wild animals from deadly viruses and diseases. in the world animal universe .Another well known action plan was establishment of the Reproductive Physiology department in United States which deals with study of preservation, semen evaluation, embryo transfer and artificial insemination techniques .Lastly, is the Pathology department, works to determine the cause of many death in animals and action plan to prevent it (Roth,53)Red list Any of threatened species, are put under three categories Vulnerable, Endange red and lastly Critically Endangered species. For instance, those found in a threatened category, it means that it went not just slow decline but through quite a serious decline. However, the rate of decline of threatened species is less serious considered to Endangered or Critically Endangered species. On the Red List, species listed as endangered species are just like the ice berg but are of most conservation concern. Taking red-cockaded as example, it requires the wood that is around sixty seventy years old to make it a home. In the top of the Red list, freshwater fish species are marked as extinct or being in a state of dangerous incline of about 25% .On the list are birds, which are threatened with extinction as well. Close to the list of animals facing dangerous extinction are bears, rhinos and tigers. The extinction has I most cases being associated with habitat loss. There are 25 most endangered species found on red line, unfortunately, some of these species are already com pletely .As mentioned earlier, birds are the most endangered species. The following are the most endangered species in Red line top listwaiian Monk Seal, Hawaiian Crow, Kakapo Brazilian ,Merganser Sumatran and Rhinoceros VaquitaConsequences of wildlife extinction According to Adams (12), when any of elements is removed(p) from a fragile ecosystem, it has long lasting and far reaching effects on biodiversity. Consider this from the extinction of wolves, there is no check on total on other animals and these results to prey populations grew larger. For instance, when exploding elk populations in U.S wiped out so many riparian plants and willows, songbirds no longer had enough cover or food. This caused their extinction consequently increasing numbers of insects such as mosquitos. On the other hand, loss of large iconic species such as like the tiger, wolf, and rhinomay make more of stimulating news, more than the extinction of mussels and moths. It is more important to note that even small species, can significantly affect the ecosystems in assorted ways.Conclusion There is high expectation to the protection of wildlife from the action plans, agencies, and the policies in place. For instance, Wildlife crime policies have set, globally objective to the sustainable of wildlife protection and conservation. It is working with child(p) to the spirit of Vision 2030.This is through jeopardizing the wildlife tourism industry. One of the tools that have so far proved most effective is enforcement of wildlife management law. However, more important is not to losing insight to the ultimate point view of resource management in objective of law enforcement.ReferencesAdams, William.Against Extinction The Story of Conservation. London Earthscan, 2004. Internet resourceEvers, David C.A Guide to Michigans Endangered Wildlife. Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1992. Print.Kaufman, Les, and Kenneth Mallory.The Last Extinction. Cambridge, Mass MIT Press, 1993. PrintKotpal, R L.Modern Text Book of Zoology Vertebrates brute Diversity-Ii. New Delhi Global Media Publications, 2010. Internet resource.McGavin, George.Endangered Wildlife on the Brink of Extinction. Buffalo, N.Y Firefly Books, 2006. PrintRoth, Harald H, and Gunter Merz.Wildlife Resources A Global Account of Economic Use. Berlin Springer Verlag, 1996. Print. root word document

Functions of Doctrine in a Christian and African Perspective

Doctrine, in Ninian Smarts dimensions of religion refers to the writings and textbook knowledge that race have regarding their religion. This is exactly what people believe about their respective religions passed on from the generation to generation. Doctrine is in fact, the set of answers matchless has accepted to sprightlinesss profound questions. It intrinsically comprises what the estimable standards of a plastered religion would have and it directly affects the behavior of its followers. The symbolic and mythical atomic number 18 accustomed order by doctrine, since people dropnot rely on abstract truths alone.The main purpose of doctrine is to give authoritative and sometimes systematic proofs that their phantasmal realness and everyday reality is one and the same. It may likewise be said that doctrines are somewhat answers laid out by the authoritative body in a certain religion, to answer the questions of life. They are logical highly systematized body of religiou s knowledge intrinsic in religion. It is evident that when two opposing doctrines clash, believers commit the most crashing(a) atrocities in the name of their belief and in the process stay true to the doctrines they uphold.Certain aspects of the human life such as death, suffering and change are given over light by religious doctrines, since it gives a foundation of belief to the religious follower. It may be said that people need something to hold on too, because these facts of life are much too grave for the ordinary human mind. In general, doctrines are belief systems which provide answers to certain boundary/identity questions. What cannot be explained is hence given light by religious doctrines, and this help in a persons acceptance of life and its realities.The functions then of doctrine are to get hold of order and focus to myth and ritual, provide institutionalization of answers to the unexplainable, control boundaries of religious expression, and determine what is inc lusive and exclusive in a given religion. African religion has been greatly questioned by early European explorers visiting the continent. Some Africans were actually even converted to both Islam and Christianity through these explorers. In recent times, African religion still continues to be dominantly pagan.Dialogues regarding African religions have had certain difficulties since African ethnic groups lack a term for religion in the western sandwich sense as an entity or activity separate from everyday life. Africans uphold religion as a complete way of life. African religion also may become misleading, since doctrines per tribe differ in degree and belief, where it is only called doctrines for formality purposes. As most world religions, the African religions hold that there is one creator of the universe who withdrew and remains remote from the concerns of the world.Believers do not directly talk to this god, nor do they offer sacrifices to him. Instead, secondary divinities are seen as middlemen between them and their god. They are considered as children of the god or at least are held to be high ranking in their religious hierarchy. It should be noted that African religions do not demand adherence to any single doctrine. The intent of these religions is almost always pragmatic, where religious rituals serve as strategies for reinforcing life, fertility and power. Doctrine then for them is a set of practice and rituals that they do in order for them to survive.What they believe in is that the principal vision shared by African religions is that human beings must watchfully maintain a harmonious relationship with divine powers in order to prosper. The goal of these religions is to control these divine powers for the betterment of their lives, and ritual is the way to do so. A practical way of looking at religion and doctrine is what comprises African religions.Ritual then ensures a communitys responsible relationship with ancestors who are guardians of the moral order, with spiritual forces within nature, and with the gods. Of course, for Christianity, it is a totally different story. Doctrine for Christianity is a way of life, in so far it is not purely for survival. Rituals are present yet not in the same sense as African religion where they offer animal sacrifices and hold mystical ceremonies. Christian doctrine therefore is an ethical way of life, a compilation of the facts about the religion, compiled by the Catholic Church.Christian doctrine therefore centers on the truth about God, Jesus and life. These are ways on how to live a Christian life which also teaches the way of Jesus. It may be seen as dogmatic, since the early doctrines were considered more of dogma than a religion that can help in a persons salvation. These Catholic doctrines had been protested and continuously scrutinized by scientists and philosophers like Friedrich Nietzsche. The Catholic Church has been known in its early days to have imposed a way o f life to the Christians, implementing soul and even physical persecution in the name of sin.The Catholic Church, though not changing the religious doctrines through time, adapts to the modern world of democracy and human rights. Persecution, like in Dantes Inferno is not taught anymore, and was instructed to be uplifted because people follow not because they believe in the doctrine, but because of fear of persecution. Christian doctrine has now become a way of life for most Christians, deepening and rejuvenating their faith in their daily lives through it.

Nel Noddings Essay

Noddings went to Montclair State College in New Jersey where she received her bachelors degree in mathematics, and moved on to gain her masters degree in mathematics from Rutgers University, in New Jersey as well. Noddings received a doctorate in educational philosophy from Stanford University where she presently is the Jacks Professor Emeriti of Child Education. Lastly, she received her Ph. D. in 1975 after changing from mathematics and education to a broader field of battle of educational theory and philosophy. She also currently occupies the John W. Porter Chair in Urban Education at Eastern Michigan University.As Noddings makes attract in m both of her proceedings, schooling played a central role in her life, and her early experiences with lovingness teachers contributed to her life long interest in scholarly person teacher relations. She also contributes her professional life as a result of various accidents and awareness of opportunity (Johnson, Reed, 2011). As Noddings states, (1997, cited in Johnson & Reed, 2011) all of these accidents involve love, or led to love, and these loves, like bits of colored glass, are the elements from which my life has been composed. Her go on to education begins with the idea that caring is basic to human life.She believes that all people want to be cared for and that the need to be good comes out of the remembered experience of being cared for. Her approach to caring is described as a feminine approach because it is based on the voice of the mother as a nurturer. It is her belief that if women created the educational system and its disciplines, they would have organized the curriculum around the stages of life. Noddings ideally wants the home to be viewed as the primary educator.She feels this is the best form of educating because it is done non-threatening and conversational matter. Critics of Noddings would claim that fashioning the home be viewed as the primary educator, it would force teachers to go beyond w hat is pass judgment in todays educational environment. Noddings suggests teachers to involve themselves in all of their students lives. She recommends three approaches for teachers to follow dialogue, practice, and confirmation. In dialogue, the teacher is open to any opinions on any topics.In practice, Noddings would encourage the teacher to involve the class in community service activities. In confirmation, the teacher must speak besides positively about a child. Noddings would rather the teacher not give an exam and semester grades, but instead have the student and the teacher work unneurotic to create positive evaluations. Nel Noddings wants students to be comfortable enough in the classroom to feel at home. She used her three approaches to create an environment of love, and prevent hate.Her approach also would require teachers to get to know all aspects of their students including their likes and dislikes, wants and needs, and ideas. In doing so, the teachers will be able t o create activities that cater to each child individuality and therefore, making learning for interesting. She also wanted the students to learn core subject through experience to make the students want to keep learning. Noddings views about teaching by caring can be useful in that it forces a teacher to really get to know her students, and give them the best possible learning environment.She suggests that children will work hard for people they like and trust. She takes this approach from her own educational experiences. Noddings view about education based on caring suggests that it speaks to the existential heart of life- that draws vigilance to our passions attitudes, connections, concerns, and experienced responsibilities (Johnson & Reed, 2011). She believes this approach will eventually create adults capable of caring for themselves and the world we live in.However, the teacher is walking a fine line by doing this. The teacher could nd up becoming too involved in the students life, and end up causing more harm and so good. She could end up interfering in the family environment instead of helping it. The basic principle to be taken from Noddings is that dialogue is of the utmost importance in a relationship. Without it, a teacher will be unable to establish a bond based on truth, and trust. All of Noddings ideas, once explained make maven and fit very well with the times we live in and the students that we teach, but there needs to be a model to help implement her ideas.As an educator thats life and professional career was also attributed to the experiences I had in the classroom as a child both positive and negative, I understand her view about how a positive student teacher relationship is important for the success of what the student is learning. It is my opinion that her beliefs are still an crook on todays learning. I also believe that many teachers unconsciously do practice the beliefs of Noddings. Many times are forced to be more structured i n our teachings due to state testing and are unable to be more caring with our teachings.

John B. Watson

The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. (http//psychology. ab stunned. om/od/behavioralpsychology/f/ behaviorism. tm) With Kinesthetic and Visual my next top two, behavioristic Theory fits sound as far as looking at others or to the environs to learn. Again, I take it back to my kids and how they watch what I do and learn from either what I teach them or from their own mistakes and me teaching them what are right. universe in the military also works well, due to the amount of training we received and how we are rated for our performance as a soldier. Rewards are awarded for doing well which is positive tip reinforcement and drives a soldier to continue to learn and earn the next rank or position.Aural, Visual and Kinesthetic will affect my knowledge interestingness as an adult student. According to Clark Hulls Drive Reduction Theory behavior occurs in response to drives such as hunger, thirst, sexual interest, feeling cold, etc. When the aspiration of the drive is attained (food, water, mating, warmth) the drive is reduced, at least temporarily. (http//www. lifecircles-inc. com/Learningtheories/behaviorism/ clarkhull. html) As an adult learner in the military and indispensabilitying education to be able to be selected for the next rank, my encyclopaedism style will have to be at its best.Clark Hulls heory fits my learning ability pretty well, in the manner that I need to finish up school and get my degree to move up in rank. Prior to getting my Associates degree, I had to motivation to attend school. When I found out I needed certain classes to become a Warrant Officer it gave me a drive to work to get those classes done and then some. Now I recoup myself thinking that I will not need any more schooling, but to be separate from my peers I have to complete a Bachelors degree. non only will this help in the now, as far as rank, bu t when I retire I will have a degree to assist in a good paying ob.In closing, I am not too shocked at the results that I got trom the V questionnaire and reserve all told to have Aural my top pick. I need that visual aid or picture to help me become a better learner and visualise whatever is being taught. Doing the research on my VARK results and what type of learning theories can relate, I have learned there are different ways to learning and each learning theory has a theory that some Psychology major created. i. e. Clark Hull and his Drive Reduction Theory. I have cerebrate my VARK to the Behaviorist Theory and Social Learning Theory.John B. WatsonThe term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. (http//psychology. about. om/od/behavioralpsychology/f/ behaviorism. tm) With Kinesthetic and Visual my next top two, Behaviorist Theory fits well as far as looking at others o r to the environment to learn. Again, I take it back to my kids and how they watch what I do and learn from either what I teach them or from their own mistakes and me teaching them what are right. Being in the military also works well, due to the amount of training we received and how we are rated for our performance as a soldier. Rewards are awarded for doing well which is positive reinforcement and drives a soldier to continue to learn and earn the next rank or position.Aural, Visual and Kinesthetic will affect my education pursuit as an adult learner. According to Clark Hulls Drive Reduction Theory behavior occurs in response to drives such as hunger, thirst, sexual interest, feeling cold, etc. When the goal of the drive is attained (food, water, mating, warmth) the drive is reduced, at least temporarily. (http//www. lifecircles-inc. com/Learningtheories/behaviorism/ clarkhull. html) As an adult learner in the military and needing education to be able to be selected for the next rank, my learning style will have to be at its best.Clark Hulls heory fits my learning ability pretty well, in the manner that I need to finish school and get my degree to move up in rank. Prior to getting my Associates degree, I had to motivation to attend school. When I found out I needed certain classes to become a Warrant Officer it gave me a drive to work to get those classes done and then some. Now I find myself thinking that I will not need any more schooling, but to be separate from my peers I have to complete a Bachelors degree. Not only will this help in the now, as far as rank, but when I retire I will have a degree to assist in a good paying ob.In closing, I am not too shocked at the results that I got trom the V questionnaire and agree entirely to have Aural my top pick. I need that visual aid or picture to help me become a better learner and understand whatever is being taught. Doing the research on my VARK results and what type of learning theories can relate, I have learned there are different ways to learning and each learning theory has a theory that some Psychology major created. i. e. Clark Hull and his Drive Reduction Theory. I have related my VARK to the Behaviorist Theory and Social Learning Theory.

Advantages Due to Hiring Maid

The maid is a system that involve non-local who is not from our family members who work at our home. According to Zuhaila (2012) the article in NSTP dated March 11. Some families say their household ordain near not be able to function well without a maid. So with the existence of a maid, it not only brought many benefits for the community but it can ease the burden of recruital in order to taking care the home, children and others, especially for careers parents.Although many people have negative perception of hiring maid, I believe that hiring maid is definitive due to several advantages. The first advantage is it will cut the cost of sending children to nursery. As we know that the cost of sending children to nursery is expensive nowadays. Not only the nursery, hired a babysitter just for a few hours will cost much higher than hiring a maid. According to Kwa on her speech Now days, a fee for a monthly babysitter is around RM750 and above, and the cost will increase depend on h ow many children in the house (Kwa, The Star, 2012).On the other hand, parents can reduce the times that surplus of sending and fetching children from the nursery. Because of that, hiring a maid can take care of children when parents go to work. Parents also do not worry about the payment either month because our government is standardizing the fee that parents need to pay the maid. The second advantage is it will reduce the burden of doing the house chores. As we know, as a parent their unavoidably to taking care about their career and their duty of doing house chores.Because of that, many locals are waiting to hire maids again as to meet their needs (Raja Zulkeply Dahlan, 2012). In addition, the maid is also a savior for parents who are experiencing examine over the situation in the workplace and home. For a career parents, sometimes the stress at the workplace will be carried away to the house and if at home, the condition not very smooth it will give more than bosom on the parents. Therefore, the extra time will help parents to relax which also increases their productivity at workplace.The third advantage is it will encourage parents to spend more time with their family members. As we know, maid can help doing house chores and allow parents to spend quality time with their families member. Because of that, parents will have a valuable consequence of time to spend their times with families member. According to Orlandoyts (2005) maid rid you and your daily chores allowing you to spend quality time with your family. For example, parents can have a picnic on a weekend or bring their children to shopping.In addition, parents can give love and paying more attention to their children. Parents who have time in a foresightful weekend can pay more attention and giving a full of love to their children spend more time with them. Therefore, parents can secure the preventative of their children every day. All in all, hiring maid can give parents much advantage to manage the children and parents also their career in workplace. Therefore, the government should play an important role in the entry of domestic workers to meet market demand of maid to the families who needed.

Ethics of Climate Change in Australia

The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to life and a standard of living adequate for the wellness and well beingness of an individual and their family (United Nations, 1948). Global average temperatures ar projected to extend between 1. 4 and 5. 8 C by the end of this century (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001), and this, in conjunction with the increasing sea level, which, in itself, causes the number of individuals living in coastal areas to be exposed to increasing flooding and coerce surges, affects human beings health.These affects are mostly brought on by climate diverge, which, ironically, is being heavily influenced by humans themselves. They can cause illness and fatalities from intense heat, a depleting food supply and also the alterations of infectious diseases. A well-established climate change effect on human health is the influence the climate has on shortages in regional areas. According to the World Healt h Organisation, it is estimated that about 800 million people are presently malnourished, with almost half of them residing in Africa (WHO, 2002). Malnutrition remains one of the major(ip) health crises worldwide.Food crops are heavily and directly influenced by extreme climate conditions such as droughts, and this then severely impacts the levels of food available for consumption, especially in the remote areas in Africa. This then links back to the issue of undernourishment in Africa, as food is a depleting source in the current climate experienced in this continent. Another human health impact that is supported by climate change is heatwaves. The summer of 2009 was possibly Australias savorytest heatwave, in which umteen cities recorded their highest temperature since records began.On Saturday the 7th of January, Melbourne recorded its highest temperature of 46. 4C (Cameron, et al, 2009). It was as a solving of this heatwave that bushfires broke out all over the state of Vict oria, the dry winds and hot air no match for efforts to reduce the fires. These fires ranked in the top ten of bushfires in the world with respect to fatalities (Cameron, et al, 2009). Fatalities in heatwaves can be gainsay to measure, as the fatalities generally arise from the worsening of chronic medical conditions as well as direct heat related illness.These conditions and illnesses are particularly seen in the elderly and frail people. However it is estimated that 374 people were killed in this heatwave (The Victorian Government Department of Human Services, 2009). This is the most prominent recent example of human health as a direct outcome of climate change in Australia. Fatalities and general illnesses caused by heat are directly bear on by the sport between the average temperature and high above average temperatures, as opposed to regular and steady escalations in the usual temperature.This is particularly seen in the beginning of summer when people have not yet adjusted to the higher temperatures. Furthermore, due to the Urban Heat Island Effect, the strongest effect of urbanisation on annual mean move up air temperature trends occurs over the metropolis and large city stations, with corresponding contributions of about 44% and 35% to total warming, respectively (Yang, et al, 2011). As a result of this, and as metropolis regions and population grow exposure to fatalities and illnesses caused by heat look expected to rise in the future.Vector-borne diseases are influenced by environmental aspects such as temperature, rainfall, humidity and land-use or vegetation, thus affecting the population and spread of the diseases. Vector-borne disease spread and population alter as the ecosystem around them does, as a result of climate change. An example of this would be that around the equatorial regions of the world, diseases like malaria have been restricted to living in those regions. However, as the global mean temperature increases, those regions may c omplicate in area and the malaria disease would be able to spread over a much larger span.This spread could also be caused by the invariable migration of the human population and their affect on the land they use. The alterations caused by climate change on infectious diseases significantly affect human health. It is majorly severe climatical events that alter the biology of infectious diseases. Because they do not have thermostatic systems, infectious organisms such as protozoa and viruses, and their supplementary vectors, for example mosquitoes and aphids, are affected by variations in temperature, mostly in their survival and reproduction levels. As the temperature increases due to global warming, these organisms have the pportunity to flourish in their environments, and, in under-developed areas such as Africa, this could lead to serious impacts on human health. Also, a connection has been found between the rising occurrences of malaria with simultaneous increasing temperature s from 1968 to 1993 in central Ethiopia (Tulu, 1996). Though reality relocation, tube to drugs, or efforts to control vectors couldnt explain this link. As we cannot ignore the evidence, this therefore leads us to believe that the associated increasing temperatures, due to climate change, have caused the increase in malaria in central Ethiopia.However, despite this, irregularities of highest temperature in the highlands of Kenya have been related to the spread of malaria. However, numerous studies of tendencies in climate and malaria populations in Africa have not notice a connection to increasing temperatures. This then highlights the significance of incorporating other key causes of the chance of malaria such as disease control efforts, human relocation, a resistance to drugs and also a change in how the land is used.From this we can see that there are many factors caused by climate change that affect human health. Though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that eac h individual has a right to health and life, it is humans who are ironically causing climate change in the first place. Whether it is the intense heat in heatwaves or the rising spread of vector-borne diseases, in a developed or developing country, humans are increasingly becoming exposed to possibly fatal incidents.

Listening Skill is a neglected Art Essay

In l auricula atriining a p artworkicular expression, we enhance the communicative language dexteritys the receptive skills and productive skills. Receptive skills include understanding through earreach and reading. Productive skills be speaking and writing. When we learn English as a language and when we utilize this language as a tool for talk, we learn and specify use of all these communication arts.But normally, people become strong in some skills and weak in other(a)s. Most of the time, Listening is considered to be a weakness. Listening is considered as a neglected art. Almost e genuinelyone can hear, but few can really listen. Many people fail to recognize the art of listening and the value of listening to acquire information. They tend to ignore the fine line that separates the distinction between the natures of passive listening and active listening. In our perfunctory conversation with people, meetings or conferences, and formal classroom set up, listening is believ ed to be of paramount concern.People tend to neglect the art of listening because of the different language barriers apart from the dominant fact that people ar fond of talking rather than listening. Few people can achieve understanding the essence of what has been verbalise by a certain speaker because they have not mastered the skills necessary for listening. These language barriers include poor vocabulary to be capable to travail what has been spoken roughly, lack of interest on the speaker or what we call non-egocentric pro-social behaviour which is essential on the part of both, the speaker and listener. Absence of focus or concentration which may be influenced by physical and nonetheless emotional barriers can hinder listening.Close-mindedness and over-stimulation which make a person too quick to essay because of the speakers accent, appearance, impression and poor delivery can also be contributing factors why listening is neglected. People tend to develop more than neg ative listening habits rather than positive listening habits which definitely hinder listening to be able to comprehend the essentials of what has been listened to. According to K Crawford, An open ear is worth much more than an open mouth, so listen 2. Oral communication skills are a significant factor in the acquisition of facts and in the process of learning. Oral communication skills refer to speaking and listening competencies.These are necessary to be able to participate verbally in discussions and interactions, to be able to exchange ideas and concrete information, to make clear and persuading presentations and of course to interact with a variety of audiences. These skills are utilized as we communicate with other people. These are essentials in the acquisition of facts. We learn from listening and at the same time we are able to figure out facts when we air out our thoughts and opinions through speaking. Oral communication is the ability to talk with others to give and exch ange information and ideas. We acquire information when asking questions.We give information when giving directions and we exchange messages when coordinating our work tasks with others. Explaining and persuading are essentials in the process of learning especially to us as teachers. Our students learn more and easily persuaded when things are explained well. It is said that oral skills are at the very foundation of literacy. Speaking and Listening, such as in a classroom talk, help students to learn, to reflect on what they are learning, and to communicate their knowledge and understanding. Thus, oral skills are important in the process of learning. These communication skills are significant factors in acquiring information and learning.3. What we do is far better than what we communicate basically sum that we have to walk the talk not just talk the talk. An old adage says, Actions speak louder than words. That is so true. Benjamin Franklin advocates, Well done is even better than well said. According to Arnold Glasow, An idea not coupled with action will never get any bigger than the brain carrel it occupied. These quotes elaborate the importance of the fulfilment of what has been communicated, planned, and agreed. What has been planned must be realized and put to death. For instance, a lesson well planned will never be effective unless it is executed and proven. In the context of education and learning, this has something to do with the application of what has been learned and caught. As mentioned in the Domains of Blooms Taxonomy, Knowledge is more of a fundamental skill compared to Application.Therefore, application is far better than knowledge same thing with Cognitive domain and Psychomotor domain. Learning (cognitive) would not be as effective as expected without psychomotor skills (actions).Students may acquire information and learn facts but I believe applying these acquired information and learned facts on a real spirit situation is even more re levant. On the context of real life situation, actions are aid to be mirror of the mind. What a person thinks is expressed when she/he speaks. The ideas have been communicated. When we communicate with people, we can only let them know what our opinions and thoughts are, we only let them understand what we say.Persuasion has always been a question. When we communicate, we may be tacit by other people but we seldom persuade their minds most especially if what we say is against or far even more opposite to what other people see from us. This explains what William Shakespeare said, Action is Eloquence. It is through actions where we give judgements, fulfilments and realizations to all that have been communicated. Id like to end my response with these inspiring lines about how actions are vital in our lives. The vision must be followed by the venture. It is not enough to stare up the steps, we must step up the stairs. - Vance Havner,

Ignominy in the Puritan Community Essay

The title of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter refers to the literal symbol of commiseration that Hester Prynnes confederacy forces her to wear as a reminder of her criminality. Though the word disgrace is example in sympathetic passages that describe Hester Prynnes disgrace as an adulteress and out-of-wedlock mother, its use at the equal time reveals an extremely critical verbal description of Hesters society Hawthorne finds that what is truly disgraceful is the way the biotic union relishes and exploits the opportunity to retaliate one of its members. Through powerful diction and imagery describing Hesters sin and through and through saintly representations of Hesters beauty and wholeness, Hawthorne reveals his benevolence toward Hester. The narrator commiserates with Hester when the reader first encounters her walking to her daily earthly c one timern shaming upon the marketplaces scaffold.He writes, her beauty shone out and made a halo of misfortune and ignomin y in which she was enveloped (50). The word halo suggests an angelic, even saintly quality, compared to the sin for which she is being publicly disgraced as punishment, making her circumstance more composite plant than simply one of punished sin. That she is enveloped by disgrace implies that her shame derives more from her surroundings than from her sin Hawthornes use of misfortune also demonstrates the narrators sympathy toward Hester, again suggesting that her disgrace comes as ofttimes from the communitys display of her sin as from the sin itself. Hawthorne portrays Hester sympathetically yet again in her encounter with Chillingworth in the prison. The disguised physician declares Hester to be a statue of ignominy, before the people (68). Ironically, Chillingworth, in the role of a healer, here admonishes rather than helps Hester. His words, intended to threaten and punish Hester, in fact, spark sympathy for her in the reader.Similarly, later in the novel, while Hester and Dim mesdale talk in the forest, briefly away from the opprobrium of the prude community, Hawthorne describes how Hester Prynne must take up again the burden of her ignominy (170), on her return to the settlement. The use of the words must and again reveal Hesters continual forced compact to wear and be a symbol of shame in her community, and show again the narrators sympathy toward her. The fact that she is burdened by disgrace illustrates the extreme weight of her painful, shunned experience, thus establishing the cause for the narrators sympathy for Hester. As Hawthorne shows empathy regarding Hester as she leaves the prison, he also condemns the harsh experience inflicted on her by the community, The actually law that condemned herhad held her up, through the terrible ordeal of her ignominy (71).The words terrible ordeal non only when reinforce the narrators sympathy toward the protagonist, but also suggest that the narrator is judging the community, not Hester. By revealing the communitys enjoyment and cruelty in punishing Hester, Hawthorne criticizes the Puritans ideas of justice and mercy through two assertive diction and direct communication with the reader. When A campaign of impatient(predicate) and curious schoolboys stare at the ignominious letter on her breast (52), the reader sees the eager pleasure and excitement witnesses experience from Hesters circumstance. Here Hesters disgrace has become both an pleasure and an educational device. The narrator continues with, she perchance underwent an agonyas if her heart had been flung into the street for them all to spurn and step upon (52). With this description, Hesters pityingity is maintained, even when the community, all of it, objectifies her as a teaching tool.The image of her heart flung, spurned and trampled upon demonstrates both the narrators sympathy toward Hester and animosity toward Puritan society, regardless of the age of the member. Shortly after his description of the schoolboys c allous treatment of Hester, the narrator continues with a harsh account of the scaffold and pillory once employed upon it, that instrument of discipline that represented the very ideal of ignominy (52). The pillory reflects the nature of the communitys sense of justice, and the narrator finds it extremely harsh. The word ideal, often associated with perfection, suggests that the pillory signifies the ultimate desired put of ignominy public shame from which the sinner cannot turn away.Next, it would seem that Hawthorne speaks out directly and emotionally to the reader, declaring, in that location can be no outrage, methinks, against our common nature, whatever be the delinquencies of the individual, no outrage more gross than to forbid the culprit to hide his face for shame (52). Hawthorns use of word methinks suggests his bruising personal address on this issue of cruelty he weighs in powerfully against the malice of the Pilgrim community that punishes Hester, even if it has no t subjected her to the pillory. The word no implies Hawthornes view that this punishment is an absolute violation of human decency on the part of any community that turns a criminal into a victim by inflicting the use of a pillory. The letter A Hester must wear shows that the Puritans have depersonalized Hester as part of her punishment for committing adultery.The Puritan community is again portrayed as disgraceful when John Wilson, the eldest man of the cloth of Boston (60), step forward above the scaffold where Hester continues to stand. He had carefully fain himself for the occasion (63). Clearly, the words carefully prepared show Wilson relishing the public opportunity to punish Hester. He delivers to the community a discourse on sin, in all its branches, but with continual reference to the ignominious letter (63). His repeated reference to the blood-red letter underscores his depersonalization of Hester in her disgrace, without any consideration of her human suffering.The w ord ignominious reflects as much about the opportunistic clergyman and the punishing Pilgrim audience as it does about Hesters sin. The narrator continues, So forcefully did Wilson dwell upon this symbol, for the hour or more during which his periods were rolling over the peoples heads, that it simulated new terrors in their imagination (63). The length of this sermon, and the nature of Wilsons rolling delivery show the clergymans intention to hammer his message into the crowd and fire up its punishing judgment.Hawthorne continues to criticize the community as he places Hester historically at the site where she was first disgraced. The narrator notes, If the ministers juncture had not kept her there, there would nevertheless have been an inevitable magnetism in that spot, whence she go out the first hour of her life of ignominy (211). Implied is the idea that the power of public shaming by the community causes her to remain. Specifically, by noting that the scaffold is where the first hour of her life of ignominy began the author criticizes the community by revealing that Hester did not experience ignominy until being publicly disgraced on the scaffold, even though her sin had been move many months prior.With his use of the word ignominy, Hawthorne repeats throughout The Scarlet Letter the cruelty, judgmental attitude, and narrow-mindedness of Puritan society. He portrays Hesters community as condemning sinners mercilessly, refusing to accept ideas that are foreign to their ways of living or thinking. In this way, the townspeople depersonalize Hester, suggesting that she and her disgrace are one. Hester is seen as her sin, not as a complex human being with complicated, still unknown, circumstances.

Anne: Reaction Paper on Basketball Diaries Movie Essay

On this story, upon reading the title, I thought it will focus on basketb each(prenominal) game and competitions but I think I am wrong because it was in reality about a young man who had bad experiences and struggled to survive. Early in the film, it shows a good friendship of Jim and his friends and where they studied in a Catholic School and a scholar through playing basketball together. It also shows how happy Jim is on writing which is great. Unfortunately, young Jim fell into the cruel world of life on the street and argillaceous drug abuse, smoking, and even stealing others things and money which many students and youth do the same thing in present as we see on televisions and in our society that many young people hire their selves to drugs. I withstand also witness on how they talk was really disrespectful and awful to take care for a reason that they are using some bad or negative words a identical(p) motherfucker, fuck you etc.Furthermore, the movie also shows some im good or wrong doings like the coach who is a gay that like to have sex with his student and also Jim who uses his body to be able to get money to buy drugs. The young characters in the film do lack moral compasses resulting from their poor decision-making. He even leave home because they are already addicted to drugs and doesnt perk his mothers advise which is not good to a young students like us. On this film, I have remember the verse in the bible that, you should honour your mother and father and you will have a long life because of the wrong behaviour of Jim towards his mother that he doesnt listen to.On the last part of the story, it shows the effects of the drugs like hallucinating and even out of control of their selves. But because of Reggie and his mother, Jim was saved. Overall, it was a mature movie and every young individuals should watch it because it shows how bad drugs, smoking that all of us should not try or let go. Lastly, I think the filmmaker wants us to reco gnize that this is not all Jims fault but it focuses on the various effects of the drugs because in the first place it was really fine, his life and even his career.

West Virginia State Board of Education

It understandable that in that location are certain unalienable right ons that we, as human universes, possess. These rights foundationt be, or should never be, taken away from us. Of course, there clear been many an(prenominal) great crusaders who project fought with all(prenominal)thing they owned to make sure that we kept those rights. The case western hemisphere Virginia State room of grooming v. Barnette, 319 U. S. 624, is a case that really expresses the beliefs and interests of the time. The case reached the US Supreme Court after there was huge controversy on both sides of the debate.It just so happened that three years before this case, in 1940, the US Supreme Court ruled in the case of the Minnersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U. S. 586, that it was necessary for any schooling student to stand to apostrophize and pledge allegiance to the sign. The act of saluting and pledging, along with the teaching of American history and ideals for the purpose of teac hing, fostering and perpetuating the ideals, principles and spirit of Americanism, and increasing the knowledge of the organization and machinery of the government. 1 The justices voted 8 to 1 for the Minnersville School District to force teachers to subscribe and pledge to the signalise, leaving only Justice Harlan St unitary to dissent. past on January 9, 1942, Minnersville poster of study came up with a resolution.This resolution contained recitals that were mostly from the Courts Gobitis decision. The resolution said that every school student and teacher a deal must salute and pledge allegiance to the signalise, and if anyone disobeyed this law, it would be regarded as an act of insubordination, and shall be dealt with accordingly. 2 This meant that they would be immediately be expelled from the school, and only be allowed back into the school if they denounce theyre acts and agree to honor the flag as stated in the resolution.And any such(prenominal) infant shall be tre ated as being unlawfully absent from school during the time he scrapss to comply with such requirements and regulations, and any person having legal or actual control of such child shall be liable to prosecution under the provisions of this article for the absence of such child from school. 3 This parent or guardian is then in jeopardy of bein g given a beautiful not to exceed $50 and jail term not exceeding thirty days. This, however, fueled a few sparks, especially among some relatively religious sect of mass. Namely, the sect was the Jehovahs Witnesses, which is a division between them and Catholicism.The Witnesses believe in immortal, as do regular Catholic Christians do, further they potently believe that the obligation imposed be law of God is superior to that of laws enacted by temporal government. 4 Basically, they feel that laws made by mere mortals cant be obeyed when a law of God contradicts it.Their definition of laws from God comes from a very literal and precise interpretation of Exodus, Chapter 20, verses 4 and 5 5, which says railway yard shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth thou shalt now incline down thyself to They feel that the flag stands for, or is a symbol, which directly contradicts their view of this message from God.For this contend they refuse to salute the flag. The boy, Walter Barnette, was taken out of class when he refused to stand for the pledge of allegiance. He was accused of disrupting the class, of being obnoxious, and of being a threat to national security. No matter how a great deal of an overreaction this was, we have to remember this happened in the year 1943, about the time the Second World War broke out and at a time nationalism in this country was running high. He belonged to a family of firm-believing Jehovahs Witnesses.His family pleaded to a District Court of three judge, and argued that they had a right to not stand if they did not want to. They to a fault argued that it was a blatant denial of theyre First Amendment rights, including the freedom of religion and the freedom of speech, and that the laws were unconstitutional, violating their due work at and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The judiciary restrained their enforcement of the resolution the West Virginia State Board of Education took the case to the US Supreme Court by direct appeal.Once in court by March 11th, 1943, the hearings began. The Board of Education argued that just three years ago the court had decided that the Board of Education could force the students to stand to salute and pledge to the flag. Since the court had already decided that they were allowed to do this, the masses had to abide by the US Supreme Courts decision. Also, the West Virginia State Board of Education argued that since the job of the schools was to teach them US History as well as Amer icanism, all they were doing was teaching the students to be good, honest Americans.They argued that there was no difference between them teaching the students about great Abraham Lincoln and valiant Stonewall Jackson then teaching them to the salute the flag-which would foster a healthy rob for their nation. They too argued that it was a matter of national security to keep the masses united. They felt that they had a duty to attendant the national unity, and the only way to make sure this happened would be to make sure there is hefty nationalism, which can be heightened be pledging to the national flag, which goes like this I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the join States of America, and to the Republic, for which it stands one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. The Board of education also argued that the boys parents had the choice of sending them to a private school, instead of the public schools. They said that they didnt have to go to a p ublic school. And since the funds for the public schools come from the state, they had the right to raise the students as they pleased, which included teaching the students to be model Americans.The Jehovahs Witnesses argued back that the ruling in the Minnersville School District v. Gobitis was tremendously biased, and was blatantly unconstitutional, since it was an incredible violation of theyre First Amendment rights, which includes the freedom of worship. They felt that since it was in their religion to not salute the flag, they shouldnt be forced to do so. They also argued that the ceremony was too much like the salute Hitler forced his people to do-the salute where the hand is outstretched a little above the heart.Also, it was too much like the fascist compulsory salute. They argued that the idea of the gestures like that was extremely unconstitutional and takes away a isthmus of our rights that are seemingly guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. In the Minnersville School Distri ct v. Gobitis (1940), all but one of the Supreme Court Justices voted that the boards of education do have the right to impose the salute and pledge on the students. The only judge to dissent was the brave Justice Harlon Stone. However, in 1942, a year before the West Virginia State Board of Education v.Barnette case, there was a very interesting turn of events. There was a US Supreme Court case, not involved with either of the two flag salute cases, where the court reversed its decision and held the compulsory flag salute as being unconstitutional. Three of the initial judge, Justices Black, Douglas, and Murphy, in public recanted their decision, making the case alive again. The next year, however, they didnt make the same mistake. The Court ruled in favor of Walter Barnette and his family, that forcing people to salute to the flag was unconstitutional.However, their decision was based less on the Freedom of organized religion clause under the First Amendment, but under the Freedo m of Speech clause. They decided that it was a radiation pattern of uttering that they were supposed to perform towards the flag, a symbol of the United States. In this manner, they were outlawing the enforcement of the resolution altogether-you didnt have to have a religious conflict with saluting and pledging to the flag, you could just not agree with the idea of saluting and not do it all. On June 14th, 1943, Mr.Justice Jackson, along with the other 5 Justices of the previous Gobitis case, voted that it was unconstitutional for any board of education, or anyone in the United States, to impose their ideas on anyone in that fashion. The Court voted 6-3 in favor of the Barnettes and the Jehovahs Witnesses. Justices red hot delivered the opinion of the dissenting party. He felt sympathy for the minority in this case, but couldnt pay off any constitutional right in their favor. According to him, he warned that minorities can disrupt civil troupe nd there is NOTHING in the Constit ution which subordinates the general civil authority of the state to sectarist scruples. Because of the ruling of the court, a lot of questions and speculations were finally put to rest. It would be decades later before this type of flag case would need to be contested again. However, even in that ruling, the justices sided for the freedom of speech. The precedent was set and it has never been overturned. The West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U. S. 624, was an extremely important case.Because of this case, people began to realize how much of a violation the enforcement of the resolution to salute the flag was. People realized such a practice cant be enforced, but should only be done in a state of implicit pride for the country. Also, in a political sense, the people realized that it was still wrong to force people to salute the flag. The government thought it was doing the country such a favor by making every child in the nation patriotic, but since the utter ance was done only because they were told to, it had no real meaning, and didnt necessarily institute patriotism.During the Second World War (1939 1945), the government was eager to make sure that the colligation was really united. The sign that someone was saluting the flag raised eyebrows for more than the said reasons. Not only did they negligence the rules of this nation, but the Jehovahs Witnesses were also thought to have double interests. They thought the Witnesses could easily have been a threat to national security because they could a stirred a revolt amongst those who didnt patronage the war.There are a lot of different sides to this case, and all the sides have really good reasons to support their case. Thats what makes this case so difficult to judge. However, I agree with Mr. Justice Jackson and the other judges who voted that Walter Barnette has certain unalienable rights that just cant be taken away from him. He has the right to stand, sit, or do anything he feel s like during the pledge. In his right to sit during the pledge, he is not pain in the ass anyone or violating anyone elses rights by doing so, so in my opinion, there shouldnt be any reason to judge the case any other way.The argument that the nation would not be united if they didnt all salute the flag is outrageous. First of all, the students arent saluting the flag because of there incredible sense of pride, but merely because they have to. Second of all, if the government forced us to all stand straight at the same time and recite a national poem glorifying the nation at the national flag (sounds very Hitler-ish, doesnt it), then the very reason that millions have so much love and pride for this country will vanish with that freedom.We have to understand that we cant force people to like something, they have to want to like it. In the case West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U. S. 624, the judges decided that the board of education could not force any stude nt to salute the American flag and recite the pledge of allegiance. This was a case where the very existence of the United States was at the hands of these lovely justices as we know it. If it wasnt for the extremely knowledgeable justices that judged the case, we would have lost something profoundly special.

Core Business Skills

1. 0 INTRODUCTION This particular assignments aim is to discuss the application of the strategic precaution exhibit in a retail persistence. I reach chosen Starbucks cocoa as my food and drink industry to research on, and to thoroughly explain the strategic management process implied by them. Starbucks cocoa bean family was founded by English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegl, and writer Gordon Bowker back in year 1971 Seattle, Washington. Starbucks hot chocolate association is cognize as the worlds leading java retailer, roaster and last but not least pit of specialty coffee tree.Apart from providing except coffee, Starbucks java also cater light snacks same sandwiches, delicious pastries, healthy salads and and so on Since Starbucks Coffee is the worlds leading brand in coffee, they serve up to 35 million customers from all oer the world weekly. Beca use of profounds and services of their great reputation, they beat success extensivey opened up t o 17,000 put ins worldwide. The partnerships mission statement is to inspire and encourage human spirit. Firstly, Starbucks Coffee focus to provide a great work environment to their members so that they argon hard-boiled with respect and dignity.Secondly, Starbucks Coffee also believes that conducting c atomic number 18 ethically is the master(prenominal) key to be successful in a business. As a worldwide and leading-brand company, Starbucks Coffee insists strongly on upholding a culture where diversities atomic number 18 substantially valued and respected. These diversities include inclusion human connection and engagement, equity fairness and justice, accessibility simplicity of use and barrier free so that employees with diverse background argon fairly treated and respected to regard a comfortable and enjoyable workplace (www. starbucks. com 2011). . 0 Strategic abstract 2. 1 Internal Analysis 2. 1. 1 Strength atomic number 53 of the main strength possesses by Starb ucks Coffee is the strong brand plan they have. In terms of the coffee industry, they are considered to be most reputable compared to Coffee Beans, Gloria Jeans, and new(prenominal) competitors among the industry. Starbucks Coffee manage to prove themselves as a laid-backly resorted brand by getting rated as the make it 100 most seeked after brand. Apart from having a high brand value, Starbucks Coffee has managed to globalise their nates trade in to all parts of the world.This opens up the opportunity for Starbucks themselves to monopolise the foreign mart as well. 2. 1. 2 Weaknesses No matter what industry a firm is in, they leave face certain failinges that they have to always try to improve on. As for Starbucks Coffee, mavin of their main weaknesses is the product set. In many countries, Starbucks Coffee is considered as a premium product where the prices of their products are higher compared to other coffee shops (Lee S, 2007). Another weakness that Starbucks Coffee h as is that they are too focused in their domestic market which is the United Stated of America.This will lead Starbucks Coffee into a vulnerable position where it is hard for them to predict unforeseen replaces in the industrys market at other countries. 2. 2 Stakeholders in Starbucks Coffee Stakeholders in Starbucks Coffee includes all the workers which are known as partners. This is because Starbucks Coffee wants to spend a penny an environment where all their employees would feel comfortable and relaxed (Kembell B, 2002). The second stakeholders for Starbucks Coffee Company would be their highly valued customers. These customers play an important role in Starbucks Coffee because they are the ones who image the coffeehouse almost e rattling(prenominal)day.In distinguish to feel connected to Starbucks Coffee, customers bottom easily hear and engaged with the employees and products of Starbucks any age, anyplace (Hanft A, 2005). The other crucial stakeholder in Starbucks Coffe e will be their coffee farmers. These coffee farmers are really the backbone to Starbucks Coffee because Starbucks swear mainly on coffee products. In set out to uphold the cordial and economic well- macrocosm of their coffee farmers, they have decided to pay a premium price for high quality coffee beans from them (Robertson H, 2006). 2. 3 Core CompetenciesAs we all know, core competencies in any industry is actually their comparative payoff. As for Starbucks Coffee, one of their core competency is human resource. Firstly, Starbucks Coffee is a company that values their employees greatly. Starbucks shows their appreciation to their employees by giving them the opportunity to receive full healthcare benefits, spud options/discounted stock purchase plans (Weber G, 2005). Starbucks Coffees tangible resources will be their high-quality coffee beans called the Narino Supremo Beans. The Narino Supremo Beans have the highest quality and is the largest bean in capital of South Carolin a (www. melita. om, 2011). In a recent report, it is said that the president of the Columbias National Federation of Coffee Growers have confirmed the purchase of 6 to 7 percent of Starbucks shares (Castaneda S, 2009). This shows that Starbucks Coffee has sole ownership everyplace the high quality beans which is an advantage for them. Starbucks Coffee has a good reputation and is well accepted passim the world. This reflects on their intangible resources to attract customers. Having a good brand pro go, friendly employees and high quality coffee beans are the main traits possessed by Starbucks Coffee. 2. 4. 0 External Analysis 2. 4. 1 OpportunitiesStarbucks has always use their opportunities to expand their business in to a whole new level. Firstly, Starbucks has created an opportunity for themselves to expand their brand name to foreign countries. It is reported that Starbucks are be after to open up to 15,000 new stores across the world in the years to source (Datamonitor, 2 005). Apart from that, Starbucks technological advancements has given them a good opportunity to conveniently mete out products to customers through the internet. Starbucks has also equipped all their lounges with WiFi services to accommodate their valued-customers to boot (Elgan M, 2008). . 4. 2 Threats one(a) of the nemesiss that will be faced by Starbucks coffee is the price fluctuation of diary and coffee products. The price of theese products can also be affected by the income levels of customers in upcoming or developing republic as goods over there are highly inflated (Pinkasovitch A, 2011). In every industry that we are in, there will always be competitors trying to penetrate the market . Competitors for Starbucks Coffee would be other coffehouses that sells coffee. Coffeebean, San Francisco Coffee, and Gloria Jeans are put competitors for Starbucks. 2. 5 PEST Analysis 2. 5. 1 Political Factor bingle of the semipolitical factors that posses as a study issue for Starbu cks is the unstability of political issues that would directly affect the growth rate of Starbucks Coffee. From a recent report, it says that up to five Arab states have decided to boycott American goods with their primary target being Starbucks Coffee shops (Antievil, 2008) 2. 5. 2 Economic Factor Apart from that, Economic factor is also a very important matter to look into when executing a strategic analysis. One of the economical problems that affected Starbucks was the receding in Switzerland, Japan and Germany in the early 2000s.In a more recent report, the Company had revealed a 70% drop in their quarterly profits to only $64. 3m. Apart from that, they are also planning to keep out down up to 300 stores (Clark A, 2009). 2. 5. 3 Social Factor Starbucks has always prioritise on their fond issues and responsibilities. Starbucks always participated in upholding the importance of the environment. A move by Starbucks to create a partnership with the preservation International, ma inly to put their attention on environmental protection such as waste step-down and energy and water saving programs (David, 2009).A move like this proves that Starbucks are cautious about the social responsibilities. 2. 5. 4 Technology In terms of technology, Starbucks has always been up to date. All of Starbucks outlets are fitted with Wi-Fi services. Another move to be technologically involved will be the creation of music CDs that will suit the specific moods of customers. They are available for purchase at any Starbucks outlet (Lodi K, 2006). 2. 5 Porters Five Forces Framework The Porters Five Forces modelling is apply to go in to a more in depth analysis of an industry.The five forces ordinarily includes industry competitors, new entrants, suppliers, customers, and substitutes. In all industries, companies will have to face strong competitors in order to dominate the markets. For Starbucks, their main rivalries would be Coffee Bean, San Francisco Coffee, and other coffee l ounges that falls into Starbucks category. They do not only compete domestically, but also internationally. Sometimes, rivalry from other industries can also be a threat. For example, McDonalds could pose as a threat to Starbucks because they are a fast-food chain yet they still provide coffee in their menu.They could be one of the strongest competitors for Starbucks to face (Gregory S, 2009). Another forces that Starbucks faces is the emergence of substitute products. Because Starbucks is a premium product, hence their prouct prices are usually very high. During a recession, there is a high possibility that customers from Starbucks look for a substition to first-class honours degreeer down their expenditure. Products like Coca-cola or Pepsi-cola could be one of the substitues for high quality coffee beans. barely there is a big difference in the taste and smell when it is being consumed. Therefore the main substitute for Starbucks will be basic coffee.This will be a threat to St arbucks because they are an make-up that caters to high-income earners. One other factor that might affect an industry will be the customers buying power. However, this depends on the plaque itself. If they are an attractive organisation then the bargaining power of buyers will be low and poses no threat to the company. For Starbucks, the bargaining power of its buyers are low. Althought prices of Starbucks are high, customers still buy it because of its differentiated and not bad(p) products. The other forces that will directly affect an industry is the suppliers bargaining power.The suppliers bargaining power will dress up when there is a rise in demand of the product that they supply. Starbucks could be facing this threat because they rely on central american to produce the coffee traded. Since there are more demand in high-quality beans, main suppliers will naturally have a stronger bargaining power. An over-crowded market will give the coffee suppliers bargaining power. The re are no substitute products for the coffee beans Starbucks must buy. This is a potential threat to the company, (Hanft A, 2005). 3. 0 Strategy Formulation 3. 1 BusinessLevel StrategyFor all the industries, they have to chose a business system that can successfully dominate the market. The formulation of this strategy is very crucial in a busines because it helps to find customers. One of the tools that can be used to formulate an industrys business level strategies is the porters generic strategies. Starbucks uses the focused differentiated strategy withholdd by Michael Porter to run their business. As we all know, Starbucks is known as a food and drunkenness company. But to be specific, Starbucks is a food and beverage company that focuses on coffee brewing.They are well known for their high-quality beans and comfortable lounges. Starbucks chooses a segment to market their products to. This includes coffee fanatics and people who are looking for a place to relax. However, Star bucks caters their products to mostly high-income earners because their products are expensive. This shows that the focused differentiation strategy is used to seek their competitive advantage in the market through uniqueness of their products (Campling J, 2007). The advantage of Starbucks focus on a single market can give them the chance to handle all autobusial, financial, technological, and capabilities in one business.Starbucks has always been trying to come out with more creative and innovative products to be differentiated among their competitors. This has certainly made them the biggest winner in the coffee based industry (Guarriello T, 2008). Although the prices are high in Starbucks, they are very differentiated in terms of the coffee beans they use and they way the serve. This shows that the focus differentiation startegy that Starbucks uses is an effective way to attract customers since they are the world leading brand in its industry. Another way to formulate a business -level strategy in an industry is to apply the product disembodied spirit cycle method.The first stage of a product life cycle is introduction, followed by growth, maturity, and decline (Campling J, 2007). 3. 2 Corporate-level Strategy The corporate strategies are used by industries to direct their organisations towards a sustainable competitive advantage (Campling J, 2007). The main purpose for the use of this strategy is to set a target and verify resources allocation for an enterprise. The first approach to formulate a corporate strategy is the portfolio planning approach. The portfolio planning approach are designed to help managers to decide on investing scare organisational resources among competing business opportunity.This straregy is very useful for multibusiness enterprises like Starbucks. Growth strategy can be used as one of the corporate level strategy to effectively expand and increase the size of a companys operations, through store expansion and global market penet ration. In order for Starbucks to successfully expand their stores, it is required for them to have full concentration on their products (Campling J, 2007). Starbucks has been very aggressive in store expansion, this includes them opening up to a 12 of stores in China in year 2007 (Yan Z, 2008).In addition to that, Starbucks has also put their main focus on diversifying their growth to other products. 4. 0 Strategy Implementation 4. 1 Organisation Structure An enterprises organisation bodily structure is the mixture of task and reporting relationships that allows the company to control its lines of authority and communication at the same time allocating rights and duties. There are three types of organisational structures, the divisional structure, matrix organisation and hybrid structure. Starbucks has adopted the matrix organisation structure to focus on.All the employees in this firm would report to both a functional and divisional manager and lastly to a project manager. Failu res of strategic planning happens most of the time. The most common strategic planning failures are failures of substance and failures of process. Failure of substance happens because there is inadequate attention being paid to major(ip) strategic planning elements. Failures of process will be caused by poor handling of strategy implentation like lack of participation error and goal displacement error. Therefore, the organisational structure in a company is very important to avoid unwanted uprising problems. . 2 Corporate Governance The corporate governace is the system of control and performance monitoring of top management (Campling J, 2007). This task is usually done by the boards of directors, and other major stakeholder in the company. For Starbucks Coffee, they currently have 9 directors including the CEO of Starbucks Howard Schultz. These directors of Starbucks are responsible for ensuring goals and objectives in the company are met. The directors are well aware of their resp onsibility to provide a stable managing process so that the companys goalds are met (www. starbucks. com). 4. Strategic Leadership Strategic management is a leadership responsibility. Whereas strategic leadership is the capability to arrange others with the ever-changing strategies in the market. Michael Porter says that the strategic leader of an enterprise has to be the CEO of an organisation (Campling J, 2007). One of the most crucial task for a strategic leader is to be a guardian of trade-offs. countless commitment and disipline has to be put in by a strategic leader in order for the business the be successful. Another trait that a strategic leader must posses is the ability to create a sense of urgency.By having a sense of urgency, the strategic leader is able to give out a strong message to its organisation and their members that the need for consistent improvementwill always persist. A strategic-chief will also have to ensure that everyone related to the organistion unders tands the strategy that they are using. Leaders in an organisations will have to keep their members updated with their in vogue(p) business strategy. Furthermore, the task of a strategic leader also includes being a teacher and a good communicator. 5. 0 Conclusion 5. 1 Importance of Strategic Management In conclusion, strategic management involves many processes.This includes identifying the mision, objectives and strategies of an industry. Strategic management is very important for a business as it is used to derive the main strategy for your business. With good strategic manangement skills, leaders are able to adopt to the sudden change in the market and they can also prepare themselves to the different needs and wants of their customers. An industry with a good strategy will always be succesful. Strategic management can also be applied to analyse the internal and external environment of an industry which can give leaders of an industry a better understanding of the market.