What is a Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a material that has certain unique properties in the way it reacts to electrical current. It is a material that has much lower resistance to the flow of electrical current in one direction than in another. The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor is between that of a good conductor (like copper) and that of an insulator (like rubber). Hence, the name semi-conductor. A semiconductor is also a material whose electrical conductivity can be altered (called doping) through variations in temperature, applied fields, or adding impurities. While a semiconductor is not an invention and no one invented the semiconductor, there are many inventions which are semiconductor devices. The discovery of semiconductor materials allowed for tremendous and important advancements in the field of electronics. We needed semiconductors for the miniaturization of computers and computer parts. We needed semiconductors for the manufacturing of electronic parts like diodes, transistors, and many photovoltaic cells. Semiconductor materials include the elements silicon and germanium, and the compounds gallium arsenide, lead sulfide, or indium phosphide. There are many other semiconductors—even certain plastics can be made semiconducting, allowing for plastic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which are flexible, and can be molded to any desired shape. What Is Electron Doping? According to Dr. Ken Mellendorf at Newtons Ask a Scientist: Doping is a procedure that makes semiconductors such as silicon and germanium ready for use in diodes and transistors. Semiconductors in their undoped form are actually electrical insulators that dont insulate very well. They form a crystal pattern where every electron has a definite place. Most semiconductor materials have four valence electrons, four electrons in the outer shell. By putting one or two percent of atoms with five valence electrons such as arsenic in with a four valence electron semiconductor such as silicon, something interesting happens. There are not enough arsenic atoms to affect the overall crystal structure. Four of the five electrons are used in the same pattern as for silicon. The fifth atom doesnt fit well in the structure. It still prefers to hang near the arsenic atom, but it is not held tightly. It is very easy to knock it loose and send it on its way through the material. A doped semiconductor is much more like a conductor than an undoped semiconductor. You can also dope a semiconductor with a three-electron atom such as aluminum. The aluminum fits into the crystal structure, but now the structure is missing an electron. This is called a hole. Making a neighboring electron move into the hole is sort of like making the hole move. Putting an electron-doped semiconductor (n-type) with a hole-doped semiconductor (p-type) creates a diode. Other combinations create devices such as transistors. History of Semiconductors The term â€Å"semiconducting† was used for the first time by Alessandro Volta in 1782. Michael Faraday was the first person to observe a semiconductor effect in 1833. Faraday observed that the electrical resistance of silver sulfide decreased with temperature. In 1874, Karl Braun discovered and documented the first semiconductor diode effect. Braun observed that current flows freely in only one direction at the contact between a metal point and a galena crystal. In 1901, the very first semiconductor device, called cat whiskers, was patented. The device was invented by Jagadis Chandra Bose. Cat whiskers was a point-contact semiconductor rectifier used for detecting radio waves. A transistor is a device composed of semiconductor material. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley all co-invented the transistor in 1947 at Bell Labs.

The Implementation And Adoption Of An Lms - 7342 Words

This literature review consists of two primary areas relating to the successful implementation and adoption of an LMS. The purpose is to offer historical and theoretical support in the form of previous works which may help to build context around similar studies, and provide insight into answering the aforementioned research questions. The first section reports existing historical knowledge and current research on the LMS, including implementation, evaluation, and management, with examples of some innovative models which have emerged around the country. The second section covers Everett Rogers’ theory of Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers, 1995, 2003b, 2003a), including the perceived attributes for the adoption of innovations within large organizations. It will include the implementation of new technology, and how leadership decisions and communication play a role in the adoption process. Together, these sections provide a deeper understanding of crucial elements needed for an implementation framework, and underlying information for the research questions being explored. . Learning Management Systems Applying the use of computers to education is nothing new. From computer-based instruction (CBI), to computer-aided instruction (CAI), to many other coined terms, institutions have been enhancing instruction and assessment for quite some time. The first operational computer, the MARK 1, was launched at Harvard in 1944, followed by ENIAC at the University of PennsylvaniaShow MoreRelatedThe First Catalog Of Instructional Films4169 Words   |  17 Pageseducational experts alike, called a â€Å"disruptive event†, or â€Å"tipping point†, in education (Christensen, Johnson, Horn, 2010; Gladwell, 2006). However, despite this â€Å"disruptive† shift, student technology needs are not always met, in part due to a slow adoption by educators in the classroom (Gutschmidt, 2012; Rekhari, 2015; Stone Zheng, 2014). With the emergence of digital learning resources, like digital textbooks, however, some districts are looking to new ways to deli ver instruction. In modern learningRead MoreThe Impact Of Digital Transformation On A Learning Management System1195 Words   |  5 PagesThis evaluation is a workplace-based, qualitative research design that attempts to collect knowledge of the complexities of adoption, teacher attitudes, and other data regarding the impact of the digital transformation to a learning management system. Research focuses on 24 interviews of teachers across the district, and factors that influence their decision to adopt or not adopt the district’s learning management system. The case study approach was selected because of its ability to acquire informationRead MoreThe Success And Failures Of Fellow Educational Institution s Lms Implementation Plans Essay1760 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Academic leaders have researched and documented LMS implementation, researchers have studied successful LMS implementations from both student and faculty perspectives, all to increase the chance of success in their own institutions. For this project to be successful at Deerfield Academy it was imperative that we complete our own research and study the successes and failures of fellow educational institution’s LMS implementation plans. Plan Description To prepare faculty for this transitionRead MoreThe Theory Of Transformational Leadership Essay3267 Words   |  14 Pagesleaders, however, generally are intuitive and tactful about building rapport with their followers. Schein deduced that leaders who regarded innovation as a practice toward transformation and were supportive of technology had more successful implementations of innovative technology (Schein, 1994). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Innovation The relationship between innovation and leadership is difficult to understand, given the many variables of roles, people, technology andRead MoreLiterature Review Learning Management System1887 Words   |  8 Pages2000 (Online, 2006). Initial versions of an LMS focused on organizing and managing course content and learners. As with many organizations, higher education was unsure about the role of technology in the educational process. The rapid penetration of learning management systems as key tools for learning occurs in a vacuum of solid research as to their effectiveness in increasing learning—or even indication of best practices for technology implementation. Pedagogy is generally a secondary considerationRead MoreThe Human Resource Management System Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pages a new set of disruptors are doing it again. (Bersin) As vendors grew, the marketplace consolidated (as it always does). SuccessFactors, the pioneer in performance management, built out its recruiting product and later acquired Plateau (a leading LMS provider). Taleo, the pioneer in recruiting, built its performance management product and later acquired Learn.com. ADP acquired Workscape; Ceridian acquired Dayforce; SumTotal acquired GeoLearning, Pathlore, and Softscape; and Kenexa acquired a seriesRead MoreThe Learning Management System ( Lms ) For Teaching And Learning1815 Words   |  8 Pagesused to paint a more complete picture of each participant as an individual case and to gain more insight as to their attitudes and motivations for their innovation adoption decisions. The information sought was in response to the following research questions (RQs): RQ1. Of the teachers who have adopted the learning management system (LMS) for teaching and learning, what is different about those who adopt more quickly than others? (Interview questions #1 2) RQ2. How has the learning management systemRead MoreCentra Software1967 Words   |  8 PagesEureka Centra Software Catalogue â…   â… ¡ â… ¢ BACKGROUND ANALYSIS ALTERNATIVE PLANS â… £ COMMENTS â… ¤ PLAN IMPLEMENTATION â…   Background Centra is a pioneer in software eLearning in the fast-growth market. However it faces the threat from WebEx, who sells exclusively over the phone. Now, It is debating how to modify its go-to-market strategy and how to add telesales to improve sales force productivity. Should Centra concentrate on the enterprise customer and exclude small and mid-sizeRead MoreA Roadmap For Development Of Global Business Leadership Skills2126 Words   |  9 Pagesnot following the guideline. In fact, to add requirements without approval will result in departments needing budgets for technical controls, which cost money and thus management approval of the policy is crucial. As the business goals change the adoption of the policy needs to be considered and the employee behavior will change. It is critical that organizations must ensure the flock is going to be led out of harm’s way is our primary concern, but protecting the company’s information assets. AsRead MoreUk / Sustainability Stories Reading Lm )2055 Words   |  9 PagesSustainability Diaries 1. 25th, July 2014 (http://www.quaker.org.uk/sustainability-stories-reading-lm) The word sustainability has been defined ‘as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs’ (Mansdorf, 2010). True Food Co-operatives in UK is a community owned business which specializes in the sale of eco-friendly household products, organic food and vegetables (Thompson, 2011). The company sells the products

Fit Fashion Business Management Essay Example For Students

Fit Fashion Business Management Essay Group Project (TQM)TQM stands for Total Quality Management, which is a cooperative form of doing business that relies on the talents and capabilities of both labor and management to continually improve quality and productivity using teams. (Joseph R. Jablonski Implementing TQM) The origin of TQM was derived during the 1980s by Dr. W. Edwards Deming and Dr. Joseph Juran. Both developed TQM in Japan to revitalize their crumbling economy at the time prior to the end of World War II. Japan began to flourish when Dr. Deming and Dr. Juran introduced Statistical Quality Control (S.Q.C.) which was a concept of management using statistical theory. Some of TQMs concepts were evident early on in the Penny Idea of 1913 developed by J.C. Penny. The Penny Idea consisted of these seven components: (1) To serve the public, as nearly as we can, to its complete satisfaction; (2) To expect for the service we render a fair remuneration and not all the profit the traffic will bear;(3) To do all in our po wer to pack the customers dollar full of value, quality, and satisfaction;(4) To continue to train ourselves and our associates so that the services we give will be more and more intelligently performed;(5) To improve constantly the human factor in our business; (6)To reward men and women in our organization through participation in what the business produces;(7) To test every policy, method, and act in this way: Does it square with what is just and right?The Penny Idea exercises customer satisfaction, fairness, quality, value, associate training, and rewards for performance. TQM contains three ingredients necessary for a company to flourish:(1) participative management;(2) continuous process improvement; and(3) the use of teams. Participative management is developed from TQM practice. It is the process of preparing employees with the skills and support to better understand how they do business, make improvements, and make change happen to allow participative management to flourish. Participative management is not immediate. Its momentum builds gradually with trust and feedback. Continuous process improvement (CPI) means accepting small, incremental gains as a step in the right direction toward Total Quality. Continuous process improvement reinforces long term focus in the company. The third ingredient necessary for a company to flourish is the use of teams. Teams are designed into cross-functional types with the individual employees aligned with the corporations goals for improvement. With these three ingredients together, successful Total Quality Manage ment can be achieved. There are six main principles of Total Quality Management. These include:(1) Customer Focus; (2) A Focus on Process as Well as the Results;(3) Prevention versus Inspection;(4) Mobilize Expertise of Workforce;(5) Fact-Based Decision Making; (6) Feedback. Customer Focus emphasizes on making improvements so that the customer is completely satisfied. In large organizations, employees are usually surprised to be asked to contribute knowledge and ideas. By getting different employee perspectives, the company can use many different techniques to achieve customer satisfaction. A Focus on Process as Well as the Results is the second TQM principle. This principle is based on the fact of exceeding customer expectations and needs. Prevention versus Inspection is the third principle of TQM. Here a structured approach to problem solving is applied along with making the necessary investments to understand the process and sources of process variation. The fourth principle is Mobilizing Expertise of the Workforce. Employees like to be appreciated and monetary rewards arent enough to keep one completely satisfied. Therefore other incentives must exist in the workplace such as social needs and comfortable atmospheres. Fact-Based Decision Making involv es understanding the process employees work in and around everyday, understanding the cause of their problems, and gathering information, data on which they can base decisions for improving that process. The last principle, Feedback, allows the other principles to succeed. It is the most important because day to day innovation can be achieved. Another important factor in achieving TQM is Process. Process is a series of operations linked together to provide a result that has increased value. Employees, customer influence, and resources come together to process company outputs. Company resources include people, equipment, material, money, and time. The results of the inputs are feedback to the employees so they can improve upon work habits. More efficient methods are achieved through this TQM process. Tragic heroes Persuasive EssayNumbers and measurements are necessary for the processes to be known. If inputs and the outputs can be measured and expressed in numbers, then something is known about the process, and control is possible. The first stage in using measurement as part of process control is to identify precisely the activities, materials, equipment,etc., which will be measured. The size of measurement task must be managed so that a reasonable parameter can be obtained. For example, some companies measure the supplier performance or the growth rate of the company. The presentation of this data is as important as getting the data because if you do not know how to use the data then you should not bother to have it. Decisions regarding the actual measurement process and the people who will carry out the measurement must be made consciously if the activity is to lead to improvements in quality. For the measurements to be used for quality improvement, they must be accepted by the people involved with the process being measured. The simple self measurement and plotting, or how am I doing chart will gain far more ground in this respect than a policing type of observation and reporting system which is imposed on the process and those who operate it. To conclude we do need measurement in order to control the TQM and we need to make the right decisions after the results of the measurements. We should chart the results in order to keep the control steady all the time. ImplementationImplementation is where we begin to see results from planning and control of resources and simply after the plan its training of the relevant people and start the implementation it self. When we talk about training it seems like a lot of training but actually it is important to review the magnitude of training realized by each level within the organization. While specifics differ for each company, I believe the allocation of training to be widely applicable. Note that the majority of the time, hence the majority of training resources, is allocated to specific skills training. Again, this emphasizes the need for analyzing and interpreting the results from the assessment Phase to spend pounds most effectively. The implementation consists of AWARNESS, ORIENTATION, and SKILLSAWARENESS? WHAT IS TQM HOW CAN IT HELP US OTHERS WHO HAVE SUCCEEDEDORIENTATION? WHAT IS OUR PLAN WHAT IS MY ROLE WHAT WILL BE EXPECTED OF ME?SKILLS? TEAM BUILDING ? CUSTOMER SERVICE? EMPOWERMENTCONCLUSIONThe motives for pursuing quality differ from company to company. In my opinion quality is changing the way we do business obviously improving it. In an extremely competitive, price-conscious industry, an organizations need for TQM becomes readily apparent. TQM can be called change as well but obviously it is not like changing your hairstyle or dress code. It is changing the way a whole organization works. The world it self is changing rapidly. A successful business must be able to change with the world as well. Sir Winston Churchill once said, there is nothing wrong with change if its in the right direction to improve is to change, so to be perfect is to have changed often. BibliographyJablonski, Joseph. Implementing TQM. United States: Pfeiffer, 1992. Bank, John. The Essence of Total Quality Management. UK: Prentice Hall Int., 1992. Oakland, John. Total Quality Management. United States: Nichols Publishing Co, 1989. Covey, Steven. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. US: Prentice Hall, 1995

The Holocaust Essay Paper Example For Students

The Holocaust Essay Paper Outline1 Introduction2 Facts about the Holocaust3 Conclusion Introduction Holocaust is a grieved history topic we have ever faced within the recent years. Although the notion ‘Shoah’ is widely used in Israel, it stands for the ‘Catastrophe’ of European Jewry. Since it was the most massive murders, the Nazis killed around 7 out of every 10 Jews during World War II not only in Germany. This horrible event occurred in Europe between 1933 and 1945 years  under the head  of Adolf Hitler. One of the most important directions of Hitlers terror in the time of the World War was determined by the racist theory of the Nazis. The demolition of inferior peoples and ethnic groups has become the primary line of Berlins policy in East Europe. People were killed because  of their  another view against the Hitler or  they  belong to a religion or ethnic groups that the Nazis desired to destroy. Facts about the Holocaust We will write a custom essay on The Holocaust Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Studying this period in the history we came across with lots of terrible facts  that can astonish everybody. Children were a special target for the Nazis at the time of the Holocaust. Being alive, they present a distinguished warning, though they can create a new Jewish era. Many children died on the way to the death camp; they were closed in a cattle truck where children have choked. The survivors were immediately put into a gas chamber. On the early period, the Nazis forcibly relocate Jewish from Europe to the ghetto and adhered to unintended destruction policy, depriving Jewish people of the essential resources for daily life. At night on November 9, 1938, in Germany and Austria, the Nazis attacked Jewish treacherously. This night was named a ‘Crystal’ or ‘Collapsed showcases’. The Nazis brought huge damage to Jewish society: over 1,000 synagogues and nearly 7,000 enterprises were ruined. They destroyed Jewish private buildings and homes. When this night finished, the Nazis murdered nearly 96 Jews and sentenced 30,000 victims. The cruelest and numeral murders occur in 1941 years on September in the BabynIar tract near Kiev in Ukraine, in the short period of only two days for about 33,000 Jews were annihilated. Prisoners were ordered to take off clothes and come to the border of the ravine, then the German units shoot. It causes that all people fell down. The Nazis put off the walls of the ravine, buried both the dead and alive. The police officers captured children and put them with to the others into the ravine. Prisoners, mostly Jews, called the Sonderkommanda, were obliged to burrow dead or incinerate them in stoves. Since the Nazis did not need bystanders, most members of the Sonderkommanda were regularly sentenced with other and later put in a gas camera. Some Sonderkommanda members try to hide their testimonies in the banks; they hope it helped to deceive the German government. There was a well-known â€Å"good doctor† Dr.  Josef Mengele. He conducted a lot of violent medical experiments during the Holocaust  where the prisoners were patients. They were crippled or paralyzed and further killed. The children named him uncle Mengele, he brought them sweets and toys before the murders. Later he drowned in Brazil. The genocides that were in Germany during the World War II did not give any real opportunity to Jewish to save. Usually, it was enough to choose a foreign religion or change the political views to stay alive. The Jewish generation could only survive if their grandmothers and grandfathers adopted Christianity by January 18, 1871. The number of victims was enormous in the Auschwitz camp. The Factory of Death, which was considered the largest camp in Germany, had three huge complexes—in fact, Auschwitz, Birkenau and Monovitz. In Germany, there was a popular poster  that justifies the murder of sick Jews: This ill person lives in the 60,000 Reichsmarks in life. A citizen is your money! Action Tiergartenstrasse 4 (abbreviated T-4)—at this address there was a headquarters in which they gave permission to the euthanasia program. â€Å"Death From Pity is a program to allow murder those Jewish who suffered from physical or mental illness for more than five years. Later, according to the euthanasia program, it was necessary to kill not only patients but also children under three years old. .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d , .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d .postImageUrl , .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d , .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d:hover , .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d:visited , .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d:active { border:0!important; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d:active , .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u23e62a478d1c5cc5d6ac5e3e2ac1765d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Media Violence1 EssayConclusion The Holocaust is one of the most terrible tragedies in which mankind dragged distorted ideas about the benefits of one race over another. In Europe, 6 million Jews were devastated, but there is still no final victims’ records. In this history page—inhuman pain, torture, suffering. Convicted so easily did not give up—there are many feats on the verge of death. The common tragedy brought together the Jews, and all those who sought to counter the Holocaust: indifferent people rescued alien children even when it was impossible to save their lives; under the torment of torture did not issue comrades; died, but did not give up. In the wicked body, there was a fire of indestructible attitude. Evidence of the Holocaust cannot be remembered without tears and mental pain, it is necessary to know about it—at least in order to avoid such a future.